Well they can buy puts without margin accounts, since those have a cap on the losses, which would also get more valuable if the stock price decreases. While technically a side bet, the options sellers often want to remain neutral in their risk with respect to movements of the underlying stocks, so buying options may influence stock price as well because of the downstream effects the options seller may undertake.

The expanded leverage of short term calls, though not directly buying the stock, may have been one thing that helped explode the GameStop share prices, as options sellers had to buy more shares to limit the losses on calls they had sold as the price increased (a gamma squeeze).

Just to be clear on the first two points, you can designate anyone as your health care proxy. Check your state for specific applicable forms. In general if no one is designated though it will default to a spouse.

Health care proxy is also different than power of attorney, which sometimes people get confused on.

First I’m very sorry about your dog.

I don’t know as much of the veterinary world. And there’s a ton of information your vet and surgeon has on your specific case that no one online will have, so no one here is going to give you very specific answers to your case. So take everything that follows with a grain of salt, and talk more with your surgeon, not internet strangers. And it sounds like your dog was in a very dangerous situation, keep in mind a bad outcome doesn’t necessarily mean anyone did anything wrong, you and your surgeon included. I can tell you some general things about how repurfusion can be dangerous in humans though.

I was confused why both your explanations are hung up on free radicals. Not that there aren’t, I’m guessing there’d be more than usual. It’s just a bizarre explanation of repurfusion injury. There’s many dangers, but basically if you have dead or poorly perfused tissue (sounds like there was a lot of this from your description), and there’s a turniket or a hernia acting as a turniket in this case squeezing the blood supply so nothing is getting in or out, or very little is getting in or out, all of the harmful dead stuff from the process of that tissue dying is somewhat stuck there. But once this narrowing is resolved (taking off a turniket or getting the tissue out of the henria in this case) now there’s blood flow and all the material form this dying or dead tissue has a clear route back to the rest of the body. It also sound like in this case there was a really horrific large hernia with probably multiple sections of multiple organs that had already infarcted (died from lack of oxygen/blood flow) based on what you wrote. Sometimes in humans you can resect small portions of dead intestine and reconnect remaining pieces, but you can’t just take out their whole liver, they need that.

But free radicals is a weird red herring thing to talk about. Potassium is the main killer for repurfusion injury. There’s very little potassium outside cells (like in your blood and fluids), but tons inside cells. Well we have a whole mass of tissue from multiple organs that just died and that’s all getting released at once. The heart does not like this, and can go into arrhythmias and stop beating. Potassium is actually the final drug used in a lethal injection in capital punishment for instance. There’s tons of other harmful things going on too. But if large sections of multiple orgams had already died or been severely injured by the hernia, there may not have been any possible way to save them. And if you leave them that way the harmful stuff will find it’s way out eventually anyways, and the dead gi organs will cause massive septic shock as all the bacteria spill out from the inner gut through all the dead tissue into the rest of the body. Long story short, ischemia or infarction of bowels and other gi organs from a hernia or any other cause is an extremely dangerous situation requiring emergency surgery and can be fatal in humans, and even with that it may be impossible to save them. I’m guessing it’s similar for dogs.

Again take everything I said with a grain of salt, your surgeon has the best information on what actually happened. I just wouldn’t get too hung up on “free radicals.” Ischemic or infarcted orgams is an extremely dangerous situation for tons of reasons.

Yeah I feel you, the green party has some good positions. But then they go ahead and nominate people like Jill Stein, who has some good but many horrible foreign policy ideas like ending NATO and allowing Russia to do whatever it wants to eastern European countries. In climate areas has relatively good positions, but then despite claiming to follow science she will constantly reject it when it comes to her own bizarre theories about vaccines, banning wifi from areas with children, or trying to ban gmos that have extensive evidence for safety until they meet some arbitrary threshold in her own head and scientists prove a negative, which is impossible. Not to mention what that would do to food prices and create widespread shortages and hunger and cause actual harm around the world if she got her way.

I’d love viable third parties, but they’ve been picking terrible candidates lately, so I don’t really see the appeal atm. I think the path forward there is being active in primaries and pushing candidates forward in the main parties forward who support alternative voting systems like rank choice. Otherwise while we still have first past the post voting, any but the main two parties is never really going to be viable and will probably just end up being counterproductive to their own stated goals.

Not a specific community, but check out everything on mander.xyz if you haven’t yet. Lots of great science related communities on there. It’s already a pretty active instance but would love to see the communities on there get even more love.

Not really. Since we don’t have the ability to instance block ourselves yet I changed instances to one not federating with them to avoid them and similar authoritarian instances like lemmygrad and exploding heads. I swing pretty far left on the political spectrum myself, but there’s a difference between that and simping for dictators, genocide denial, and other problematic things. I don’t even get it, China and Russia can hardly be described as leftist by any definition but they’ll bend over backwards to defend anything they do, and try to change the subject to another country instead if they can’t.